In the extraordinary heat of July 2023, the planet perhaps experienced its hottest month in the past 120,000 years. Vast swathes of the world from the U.S. to China endured searing heat waves driven by a lethal combination of anthropogenic climate change and the recurring natural phenomenon known as El Niño.
Despite this alarming climate reality, carbon dioxide emissions have continued to surge, matched only by the growing deluge of proposals aimed at achieving “net zero” emissions. But could some of these proposed “solutions” be worse than the problem?
One problematic approach involves placing a monetary value on living beings. In an illustrative 2022 TED talk about the idea, Ralph Chami, an economist with the International Monetary Fund, said: “This [female whale] looks like a share of stock that pays dividends. Except those dividends are live dividends. They give birth to more dividends.”
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Chami’s reasoning centers on the astonishing role of great whales in regulating the Earth’s climate.
Whale feces are rich in iron and nitrogen, and they stimulate the growth of phytoplankton on the ocean surface. These microscopic marine algae soak up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to perform photosynthesis and produce at least half of the world’s oxygen. Then, when the whales die, their enormous bodies sequester over 30 tons of carbon dioxide on average as they sink to the seafloor.
To remove such a substantial quantity of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through technological means would require vast financial investment, Chami’s team posited. Therefore, they argued that this removal constituted a sequestration “service” that could be priced. The service of a female whale, they estimated, would be at least $3 million.
A similar initiative called the Whale Carbon Plus Project puts a $2 million price tag on whale services and seeks to make whale carbon credits available to investors for use in offsetting their carbon emissions.
From this perspective, however, an adult whale is worth more than a juvenile, a female more than a male by the virtue of bearing calves, and smaller forms of life are worth progressively less. The value of life is effectively diminished to the amount of carbon it can store.
Moreover, should technologies to capture carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere become efficient enough to capture a great-whale-amount of carbon dioxide at a cost lower than $2 million or $3 million, whale conservation would be priced out by the market.
As this whale of an example suggests, the reductionist framework has profound consequences. It allows the commodification of living creatures such as whales and trees, which, in turn, enables their homogenization, and therefore mindless substitution of one “service” for another. Whales are then replaceable by any lifeform or technology that can “more efficiently” draw down carbon from the atmosphere.
A recent example comes from the Great Nicobar Development Plan in India, which seeks to replace a unique, biodiverse tropical island ecosystem inhabited by tribal peoples, with a massive infrastructure project, including a transnational shipping port. In order to “compensate for” the loss of the forest and numerous endangered species, the project proposes planting trees in the landlocked state of Haryana over 2,500 kilometers away. Needless to say, such measures won't safeguard the giant leatherback turtles that nest on Great Nicobar Island, nor preserve the heritage and livelihoods of the Indigenous tribal communities who have called it home for millennia.
These are not isolated efforts. Instead, they are representative of a wider approach toward a monetized, reductive view of nature seen in published articles on ecosystem services over the past decade, spanning disciplines from science and economics to insurance and even global governance bodies such as the United Nations.
Despite its evident logical and ethical shortcomings, this carbon-reductionist, market-centric approach has achieved widespread credence.
Today, we face a plethora of interconnected social-environmental crises that include, but are not limited to, climate change. Yet, climate change has overwhelmingly taken center stage in the environmental discourse. As a result, the “environmental problem” is often narrowly defined as one of carbon pollution. Within this constrained perspective, it becomes logical that solutions must singularly focus on achieving “net-zero” carbon emissions.
This skewed perspective belies the multiple ways in which human activity and its exploitative systems have wounded the planet. The scope of our destruction is vast—from the mass extermination of wildlife and the birth of ocean dead zones resulting from excessive nutrient pollution, to the contamination of water bodies with heavy metal and plastics, and the 350,000-plus synthetic chemicals bioaccumulating up the food chain. Each of these is eroding the Earth’s ability to support a resilient biosphere. Climate change has served to exacerbate them.
The carbon-reductive perspective considers each entity in isolation, failing to recognize the intricate relationships that exist in nature. For instance, trees form mutually beneficial bonds with mycorrhizal fungi: the fungi extend the reach of root systems enabling enhanced nutrient and water absorption, while trees provide the fungi with vital carbohydrates. Similarly, whales, krill and plant phytoplankton share a remarkable relationship: krill (shrimplike creatures) offer sustenance to whales, while whales stimulate the growth of plant phytoplankton that krill feed on. In a healthy forest, high biodiversity enables multiple relationships binding trees, birds, insects and soil microorganisms; that’s in contrast to plantations, where such relationships are much sparser. Yet these synergies find no place in an approach like Chami's.
This raises the question: What is the alternative?
To address this, we must first consider the major driver of human activity, which is the economy. The entrenched global economic doctrine prioritizes growth at all costs, while ignoring constraints from natural laws and biophysical limits. The insatiable demand for new energy and material resources to service the endless growth paradigm, especially by the superaffluent class, has precipitated an explosive rise in our exploitation of planetary resources, including land, water, biomass, metals, minerals and, of course, fossil fuels.
In essence, the genesis of climate change and ecological destruction can be traced to the relentless greed of the current “Capitalocene,” which has reduced nature to a monetizable commodity. To escape this destructive way of thinking, we must acknowledge that we are woven into the complex tapestry of life, the resilience of which emerges from its profound interconnectedness. The essential task today is to internalize this truth and to realign our values and the economy with it, before we irreversibly push Earth into a state less congenial to life. The weight of evidence from climate and sustainability science underscores the urgency of changing track within a decade. Making this happen is a task not just for economists but for writers, filmmakers, artists, scientists and lawyers.
Perhaps the most reliable path to genuine restoration of our planet is to heed the wisdom of Indigenous communities around the world who look upon other life-forms as relatives instead of resources.
Rather than putting a price tag on our living planet, we must recognize it as priceless.
This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.